"qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi": RvTismSoblis mowodebis ganxorcieleba qarTvel aTonelTa cxovrebasa da moqalaqobaSi.

“awRa warmomidga vinme didebuli dedofali da mrqua qarTuliTa eniTa:...
“nu geSinin da qarTulad ჴsnilad ubnobdi”.
giorgi xuces-monazoni (mTawmideli)
“cxorebaჲ netarisa mamisa Cuenisa iovanesi da efTჳmesi”, VIII

Tumca aTonis iverTa monastris damaarseblebi da misi pirveli binadarni ar Seadgendnen Tavis epoqaSi raRac unikalur movlenas – vinaidan im droisaTvis qarTvel ber-monozonTa da RvTismsaxurTa saqarTvelos farglebs gareT moRvaweoba, ucxoeTSi monastrebis daarseba, mTargmnelobiTi Sroma, - is rac upirveles yovlisa axasiaTebs ivironis moRvaweebs, gavrcelebuli ambavi iyo, mainc maT, zogierTi mizezis gamo, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaT Cveni eris istoriasa, kulturasa da cnobierebaSi. isini, Tavisi pirovnebis, cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mTlianobaSi ara marto Cveni erovnuli yofis da meobis saZirkvlis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenen, aramed amasTan warmoadgenen erTgvar moZRvrebas, swavlas, romelic, gavbedavT amis Tqmas, Tavis mniSvnelovan nawilSi aqamde ar iyo gagebuli.

es miT umetes gasakviria, rom aToneli qarTveli mamebis es moZRvreba araa raRac idumali, gaSifruli epistole, romelic saTanado meTodebiT gaxsnas moiTxovs, arc raime manamde da mas Semdeg gaugonar azrebs Seicavs. is mxolod gvTavazobs Tavisebur midgomas, Sexedulebas calkeuli eris, saxeldobr, qarTvelebis adgilsa da mowodebaze qristianuli samyaros, eklesiis da kulturis sivrceSi. aToneli mamebis swavla emyareba qarTvelTa erisa da eklesiis istoriuli gamocdilebis safuZvels, aris am gamocdilebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili, magram amave dros Tavisi sicxadis, simkveTrisa da gamomxatvelobis wyalobiT am gamocdilebis mwvervals warmoadgens.

maTi swavla ganmtkicebulia maTi udidesi avtoritetiT, ara marto qarTvelebis, aramed ucxoelTa TvalSic, vis garemocvaSic maT Tavisi cxovrebis udidesi nawili gaatares, avtoritetiT, romelic damowmebulia wminda aTanase aTonelTan pirveli qarTveli aTonelebis siaxloviT, aTanases mier maTi maRali SefasebiT, iovane aTonelis, xolo mis Semdgom misi Svilis efTvimes, aTanases mier Tavis memkvidred gamocxadebiT aTonis zogadi mesveuris da sulieri mamis xarisxSi, bizantiis da qarTvel mefe-didebulTa da eklesiis maRal warmomadgenelTa sapatio mopyrobiT, ara marto didgvarovnuli warmoSobis, aramed ufro metad sulieri simaRlis gamo. dabolos imiTac, rom zogadad iovane, efTvime da giorgi aTonelebi Tavisi drois bizantiuri da qarTuli civilizaciis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebad gvesaxebian.

magram maTi swavla kidev ufro maRali sanqciiT, anu am sityvis qarTul Sesatyviss Tu vixmarT, kurTxeviTaa mosili. iverTa monastris damaarsebelTa ambavSi RvTismSoblis ori pirdapiri Carevis faqti aRiniSneba.

sakvirvelia, rom pirvel aTonelTa biografi giorgi mTawmideli arafers gviyveba pirveli maTgani – RvTismSoblis xatis, SemdgomSi “iverTa”-d (ton iberon) wodebuli, monasterSi saswaulebrivi gamoCenis Sesaxeb, romliTac saxeli gaiTqva aTonel qarTvelTa savanem, da am xatis gamo aseTi cnobiT kmayofildeba:

«odesca eklesias Sevidodian... vidre muჴlTa zeda ara modrkian da Tayuanis-scian wmidasa RmrTismSobelsa, romel ars bWeTa zeda, ara Sevidian».¹

RvTismSoblis es meore Careva misi piradi gamcxadebis saxiT moxda, roca yovladwmidam gankurna momakvdavi yrma efTvime da «qarTuliTa eniTa» aseTi davaleba misca: “araraჲ ars vnebaჲ Sen Tana, aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad ჴsnilad ubnobdi”. amaze netari ioane, mama efTvimesi, ase dasZenda: “mun Jamadmde Zniad ubnobn qarTulad da friad mwuxare viyav amis pirisaTჳs, xolo mieriTgan dauyenebelad, viTarca wyaroჲ, aRmodin uwmides yovelTa qarTvelTasa”.²

es brwyinvale gamocxadema, anu sxvanairad, moxedva, sasikvdilod ganwiruli efTvimes gankurneba da misTvis dauyenebeli da uwmidesi qarTuli metyvelebis boZeba, efTvimes mama iovanesi, da misi cxovrebis aRmwerlis giorgi mTawmidelis azriTac efTvimes momaval mTargmnelobiTs Sromebs iTvaliswinebda, romliTac man “gananaTla qarTvelTa enaჲ da queyanaჲ”.³ es ara marto TavisTavad cxadia, aramed xazgasmulicaa zed miyolebuli iovanes waxalisebiT: “Svilo Cemo, qarTlisa queyanaჲ didad naklulevan ars wignTagan da mravalni wignni aklan, da vxedav, romel RmerTsa moumadlebia Senda. aw iRuawe, raTa ganamravlo sasyideli Seni RmrTisagan”.⁴ da efTvimes mier Targmnil nawarmoebTa iqve moyvanili grZeli siiT.⁵

aseTive sias giorgi mTawmidelis cxorebaSic vpoulobT, rac aseve warmogvidgens am moRvawes, rogorc upirveles yovlisa efTvimes mTargmnelobiTi mowodebisa da miRebuli madlis memkvidred.⁶

magram amave dros didi qarTveli aTonelebis pirovneba, qmedeba da naazrevi ver Tavsdeba RvTismSoblis gamoTqmiT TiTqos Semofarglul CarCoSi. swored am SeuTavseblobis gamo ibadeba SegrZneba, rom am gamoTqmis mTavari sityvebic ver etevian Tavisi pirdapiri mniSvnelobis CarCoSi, gafarToebas, ganvrcobas moiTxoven. rom “qarTuli” yovladwmidis danabarebSi ara marto garkveuli eris enaze miuTiTebs, aramed agreTve mis gamocdilebaze, am erovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel cnobierebaze, Tavisebur msoflmWvretelobaze, qveynierebasTan urTierTobis misTvis Cveul wessa da rigze, xolo “xsnilad ubnoba”, sityvis moqnilad xmarebis garda, yovelive amis gaTviTcnobierebaze da cxadad, uSiSrad (“nu geSinin”), SeuboWavad gamocxadebaze.

amasTan aToneli mamebi qristes eklesiis Svilebi da Tavdadebuli msaxurebi arian, maTTvisac, rogorc “qarTvelobis” pirveli ideologis ioane sabanisZisaTvis, qarTli, saqarTvelo – aris “deda wmidaTa”, qveyana-eklesia, eri-eklesia, Tanac «deda» ara marto qarTvelTa («romelTame TჳT aqa mkჳdrTa»), aramed agreTve ucxoelTa («da romelTame ucxoTa da sxჳT mosrulTa Cuen Soris»), amitom yovelive qarTuli qristes moZRvrebasTan da mis eklesiasTan aris dakavSirebuli, eTnikurobisagan, qToniurobisagan⁷, viwro, SezRuduli da egoisturi erovnulobisagan aris ganwmedili.⁸

aToneli mamebis “cxovrebebze” dayrdnobiT Cven SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT RvTismSoblis danabarebis ganxorcielebas xuTi-eqvsi Taobis warmomadgenelTa magaliTze, maT Soris, giorgi mTawmidelsa da misi mowafe giorgi mcirisa.

am bolo orma ara marto iverTa monastris daarsebis, da misi gamoCenili moRvaweebis istoria Seqmna, aramed Seajama da daafiqsira qarTveli aTonelebis zemoaRniSnuli moZRvreba. am ori didi mwerlis gagebiT, ara marto efTvimes, giorgis da maTi TanamSromlebis mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba, aramed qarTveli aTonelebis mTeli moRvaweoba SeiZleba da unda CaiTvalos RvTismSoblis mowodebaze sityvis-gebad.

magaliTad, Cven viciT, rom efTvime ar dakmayofilebula berZnulidan qarTulad TargmniT, da ramdenime berZnuli nawarmoebi Seqmna, romlis safuZvels qarTul enaze manamde arsebuli teqstebi Seadgenda. amis gamo giorgi mTawmideli aRfrTovanebiT da siamayiT SeniSnavs, rom efTvimem “gananaTla qarTvelTa enaჲ da queyanaჲ,.. romlisa-igi namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa, da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboebaჲ, viTarca nestჳ oqroჲsaჲ ჴma-maRali, oxris yovelsa queyanasa, ara xolo qarTlisasa, aramed saberZneTisasaca, rameTu balahvari da abukuraჲ da sxuanica raodennime werilni qarTulisagan Targmnna berZnulad“.⁹ giorgis azradac ar mosdis Sinaarsoblivad, fasobrivad anda sintaqsurad mainc gamijnos, ganasxvavos efTvimes saqmianobis es ori mimarTuleba, maxlobelTa da SorielTa «gaxareba», berZnul-qarTuli da qarTul-berZnuli Targmanebi. misTvis erTic da meorec aris qarTvelTa enis da qveynis ganaTleba. efTvimes qmedeba da giorgis gamoxmaureba am qmedebaze – erTi saqmiT, faqtiT, meore am saqmis mowonebiT - mowmoben, rom didebuli dedoflis danabarebi maT viwro gagebiT, viwro farglebSi ar esmodaT. rom qarTulad xsnilad ubnoba ara marto qarTul enaze Semoqmedebas niSnavs, ara marto qarTuli enisa da kulturis da cnobierebis gamdidrebas da daxvewas gulisxmobs, aramed qarTul niadagze aRmocenebul, qarTuli Semoqmedebisa da niWis, qarTvelTa gamocdilebis nayofTa sxva enebisaTvis, sxva erebisaTvis Setyobinebasac.

amisTvis, sxvaTa Soris, saWiroa am gamocdilebis, am nayofTa gaTviTcnobiereba. am mxriv giorgi mTawmidelis moRvaweoba iyo pirvel aTonelTa saqmis dagvirgvineba, ara marto im pirdapiri gagebiT, rom man efTvimes mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis memkvidre da gamgrZelebeli aRmoCnda, aramed im mxrivadac, rom man gaiazra maTi gamocdileba – qarTulad xsnilad ubnobis CarCoebi kidev ufro ganze gazida da am ubnobis farglebi zogan sityviT, zogan ki saqmiT dagvixata. Semdgomad ukve misi, giorgis, memkvidre da saqmis gamgrZelebeli, WeSmariti mowafe giorgi mcire aRmoCnda, romelmac bolomde miiyvana saqme, radgan giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba da moRvaweoba aRwera da igi ara marto pirvel aTonelTa Sesaqmis gamgrZeleblad, aramed maT WeSmaritad msoflmxedvelobiTs, mentalur memkvidred warmogvidgina.

qarTulad ubnobis gafarToeba erT-erT Tavis mwvervals imaSi aRwevs, rom sulieri ganwmedis da amaRlebis garkveul doneze deda-ena meta-enad iqceva da mSobliur enasaviT gasagebi xdeba Targmanis gareSe ucxoeli sulmnaTisaTvis, iseve, rogorc am sulmnaTis ena (italiuri) qarTveli wminda kacisaTvis.

«pirvel moxsenebulsa mas Rirssa mRdelsa gabriels qarTvelsa da amas wmidasa bersa didsa leons hromsa friadi siyuaruli aqunda sulieri...da Tჳsisa enisagan kide arca man icoda, arca man. da viTarca Sebneldis, gamovidian TჳsTa senakTagan da locva-yvian da dasxdian da vidre ciskrisa rekadmde ubnobdian sityuaTa saRmrToTa...da ityodes mamani Cuenni, viTarmed: «maTisa siwmidisagan yovelive SesaZlebel iyo da sarwmuno, rameTu did iyvnes igini winaSe RmrTisa da srul».¹⁰ 

 erovnuli qmedebis, «qarTulad ubnobis» igive gafarToebul gagebas vxedavT TviT iverTa monastris daarsebis da mSeneblobis dros. aqac qarTveli berebi ar kmayofildebian erovnuli sasuliero keris SeqmniT, «qarTvelTa gansuenebisaTჳs», giorgi mTawmidelis sityviT. qarTvelTa aTonze gamoCenas da iverTa monastris dafuZnebas Tan sdevda aTonis sxva monastrebis, romlebic igive giorgi mTawmidelis sityviT, «mas Jamsa wuTRa glaxak iyvnes», uxvi dasaCuqreba, im alafidan, romelic Zlevamosilma Tornikem barda skliarosis damarcxebis Sedegad Caigdo xelT.¹¹ magram qarTvelma mamebma arc aseTi zomieri qvelmoqmedeba ikmares. qarTvelebisaTvis sagangebod gankuTvnil da Seqmnil monasterSi Tavidanve qarTvelebis garda berZnebic da sxva ucxoelebic aRmoCndnen. berZnebis monasterSi Seyvana, giorgi mTawmidelis cnobiT garkveuli yoymanis Semdeg da, erTi SexedviT, mxolod sameurneo saWiroebis gamo moxda, «rameTu Cuen, viTarca xedavT, zRჳsa raჲTurTiT gamocdilebaჲ araჲ guaqus,... da merme Tჳnier mWedelTa da xuroTa da galatozTa da mevenaჴeTa da navis-moqmedTa da sxuaTa eseviTarTa amis eseviTarisa vrcelisa lavrisa damWirvaჲ uRono ars. da ese yoveli gamonaxes wmidaTa mamaTa CuenTa da, Tu unda da Tu ara, viTarca vTquT, Seiwynares iginica».¹²

magram Zneli warmosadgenia, rom amdenad amaRlebul adamianebs esoden mniSvnelovani sakiTxi mxolod sameurneo doneze gadaewyvitaT. im eklesiis Svilebs, romelic dasabamidan «TviT aqa mkvidrTa» da «sxviT mosrulTa» saerTo dedad moevlina qveyanas, ucxotomTaTvisac unda gaeRoT monastris kari, «Tu unda da Tu ara», giorgi mTawmidelisa ar iyos, sameurneo saWiroebaTa an sxva sababiT.

Tu mainc da mainc berZenTa ivironSi Sekedleba mTlad xalasi, gulqarTli grZnobiT ar momxdara, «hromTa», italiel ber-monozonTa monasterSi miwveva da Sewynareba namdvilad Zmuri simpaTiiT iyo nakarnaxevi. Tu ki berZnebi qarTvelebma garkveuli yoymanisa da bWobis Semdeg miiRes, italielebs isini «evedrebodes aqa yofasa».  SemdgomSi ki erovnuli monastris aSenebaSi xeli Seuwyves, uyides adgili da «yovlisave saჴmriTa» Seewies.¹³

qarTvelobis igive gafarToebas vxedavT wmindad sasuliero sferoSic, roca ioane da efTvime ar Semoifarglen Tavis monasterSi «qarTvelTa aRSenebiT», anu damoZRvriT, da aTanase didis anderZiT mTeli aTonis sulieri xelmZRvaneloba da meurveoba iTaves.¹⁴

qarTulad ubnobis zemoaRniSnul farTo gagebas aTonelma mamebma, ase vTqvaT, geografiul-eklesiuri ganzomilebac misces. pirveli qarTveli aTonelebis droebaSi, uaRres simwvaves miaRwia eklesiis aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi nawilebis, da zogadad, aRmosavleTel da dasavleTel qristianTa urTierTdapirispirebis procesma. es procesi bevrad adre daiwyo, da ukve giorgi aTonelis dros, moxda ambavi, romelic eklesiis am ori nawilis saboloo da aqamde ganukurnebeli ganyofis TariRad aris miCneuli. swored am dros Cven vxedavT imas, rac qarTuli ubnobis erT-erT gamovlinebad SegviZlia CavTvaloT, – qristianuli dasavleTisadmi da mis warmomadgenlebisadmi Tbil da guliTad damokidebulebas. dasavleTTan daaxloebisadmi swrafva imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom ivironis damaarsebelma ioane aTonelma dasavleTSi, saxeldobr, espaneTSi gadaxvewa daapira, rac bizantiis mefeTa winaaRmdegobis mizeziT CaiSala.

dasavleTi ara marto saqristianoa pirveli aTonelebisaTvis, aramed is erTgvarad saqarTveloc kia, radgan, maTi cnobebis mixedviT, maSindeli samyaros ukidures dasavleTSi, espaneTSi, Turme qarTvelTa mravali tomebi binadroben.¹⁵

amave dros, dasavleTisadmi gamokveTili interesi qristianuli samyaros aRmosavluri naxevris daufaseblobas da ugulebelyofas ar moaswavebda. aTonelebma da zogadad qarTvelma sasuliero moRvaweebma mraval saukuneTa manZilze naTel-yves, rom maTi samSoblo aris kaTolike eklesia da mTeli is sivrce, sadac es eklesia binadrobs. qarTvel aTonelTa aseT farTo geografiul da saeklesio Tvalsawiers Tan axlavda Tavisufali da SeuboWavi Sexeduleba saeklesio sakiTxebze.

yvelaze naTlad da gamokveTilad es giorgi mTawmidelis moRvaweobaSi gamovlinda. swored mas vxedavT Cven moZRvris rolSi saqarTveloSi, antioqiasa da konstantinepolSi. tyuilad araa, rom misi mowafe da hagiografi giorgi mcire mas «ziari mamis» da «zogadi moZRvris» wodebas aniWens.¹⁶

am mxriv gansakuTrebiT metyvelia giorgi mTawmidelis sityvis-geba bizantieli imperatoris konstantine X dukas SekiTxvaze sxva da sxva adgilobrivi eklesiis moZRvrebisa da praqtikis marTebulobis, kerZod, dasavleTis eklesiis mier liturgiaSi xmiadis, anu ucomo puris xmarebis gamo, romelic aRmosavleTSi erT-erT did darRvevad iyo miCneuli da zogan exlac ki miiCneva.¹⁷

am sityvis-gebaSi giorgi aToneli warmogvidgeba, rogorc piruTvneli da miukerZoebeli eqsperti, romelic nebismier auditoriaSi mzadaa ganacxados da daicvas is, rac WeSmaritebad miaCnia, romelsac ar aSinebs ukve fesvgadgmul da gavrcelebul SexedulebaTa sawinaaRmdego azris gamoTqma da kaTolike eklesiis mTlianobis dacva Sidasaeklesio SuRlisa da mtrobisagan.

Tumca TavisTavad cxadia, rom keisarTan saubari berZnul enaze mimdinareobda, magram es epizodi qarTulad xsnilad, anu gasagebad, araorazrovnad da gabedulad ubnobis ubrwyinvales magaliTad da nimuSad gvesaxeba. am epizodSi TiTqos winaswari ganxorcieleba hpova daaxlovebiT amave dros gamoTqmulma ganWvretam qarTuli enis momaval mowodebaze.

«damarxul ars ena qarTuli dRedmde meored moslvisa misisa sawamebelad, raTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT eniTa».¹⁸

is agreTve gviCvenebs, ra sulier, zneobriv da gonebriv simaRles moiTxovs es mowodeba.

dekanozi ioseb zeTeiSvili