simfoniis qarTuli saxe. saqarTvelos eklesia da saero xelisufleba

qristianobas saqarTveloSi, mas Semdeg, rac wminda ninom monaTla mociqulTaswori mefe-dedofali miriani da nana, xeldasxmul iyvnen pirveli episkoposi da mRvdlebi da saqarTvelos eklesia istoriul sarbielze gamovida, dRevandel dRemde axasiaTebs damoukidebeli suliskveTeba arsebuli xelisuflebis winaSe. da es miuxavad imisa, rom TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze qristianoba saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo da saxalxo religia iyo.

SesaZloa, amis pirveli biZgi is gaxldaT, rom qristianobis SemoReba, zogierT sxva marTlmadidebel saxelmwifoTagan gansxvavebiT, xelisuflebis iniciativa ar yofila. TviTon mefe mirianma qristianoba winaaRmdegobis sakmaod xangrZlivi drois Semdeg miiRo. pirvelive qarTuli martvilobac – “SuSanikis wameba” warmogvidgens eklesiis mwvave dapirispirebas erovnul xelisuflebasTan. WeSmariti RmerTis uarmyofel mTavarTan SetakebaSi mTeli eklesia aris CarTuli, morwmune sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgenlebi – mmarTveli ojaxis wevrebi, didgvarovnebi, episkoposebi da mRvdlebi, cixis mcvelebi da ubralo eri, Tumca zogjer meryeoben da SiSoben. mTavari personaJi – mowame dedofali SuSaniki am winaaRmdegobis mxolod wamomwyebi da gmiri gaxlavT. esaa namdvili brZola, Tumca eklesiis mxridan, viTarca Svenis, yovelgvari xorcieli Zalis moxmobis gareSe warmoebuli da umTavresad mTavari gmiris mravalnair mxardaWeraSi gamoxatuli. varsqenis Zma jojiki, episkoposebi da samRvdeloeba zrunaven SuSanikze, amxneveben mas da varsqens amxelen gandgomis gamo, ubralo eri daufaravad TanaugrZnobs qristes mowames da mTeli sazogadoeba, didgvarovnebi da mdabiurni, erTsulovnad sicocxleSive wmindanad da RmerTTan Suamdgomelad miiCnevs mas.

marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi adgilobrivi mmarTvelis ukan gareSe Zalac idga – imperialisturi irani Tavisi warmarTuli religiiT, magram konfliqtebsa da daZabulobas eklesiisa da xelisuflebis, sasuliero da saero samyaros warmomadgenelTa Soris maSinac vxedavT, roca xelisuflebis saTaveSi ara marto patriotulad ganwyobili, aramed WeSmaritad keTilmsaxuri mefe-mTavrebi dganan. am mxriv metad sayuradReboa qarTuli qristianuli kulturis erTi uZvelesi da udidesi qmnileba - giorgi merCulis “grigol xanZTelis cxovreba”. surda es TviTon avtors Tu ara, misi nawarmoebis erT-erT wamyvan Temad aRmoCnda eklesiis warmomadgenelTa, sasuliero pirTa, umTavresad, ber-monozonTa, Seudrekeloba Tundac erovnuli, Tundac marTlmadidebeli, Tundac megobrulad ganwyobili, magram mainc saero xelisuflebis winaSe. saeklesio, sasuliero samyaros TviTmyofadobis, TavisTavadobis gamovlineba sxva da sxva sababis gamo xdeba, umTavresad, xelisufalTa da zogadad saero pirTa mxridan qristianuli zneobrivi kanonebis darRvevis anda saeklesio da sasuliero saqmeebSi Carevis mizeziT. merCulis naSromSi SegviZlia gamovyoT erTgvari akoluTia¹, Tematuri zoli, romelic mTels moTxrobas gasdevs da imas gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aTviniereben “moweseni”, anu sasuliero pirebi, ZlierTa ama soflisa, anu Tavad merCulis gamoTqmiT, Tu rogor@ “xorcielad Zliersa xelmwifesa suliTa ZlierTa kacTa sZles”.²

am mxriv yvelaze gamomxatveli moCans momavali wminda mefis aSot kuropalatisaTvis “siZvis dedakacis” grigol xanZTelis mier warTmevis, amave mefis igive mizeziT mama grigolis Tanamosagris deda febronias mier mxilebis da gvaram kuropalatis grigol xanZTelis mier am mefis saeklesio saqmeebSi uxeSad Carevis gamo datuqsvis epizodebi.³

giorgi merCulis moTxrobis mTavari gmirebi ara marto saqmiT icaven eklesiis damoukidebel da sapatio adgils saxelmwifoSi, aramed aseTi adgilis Teoriul dasabuTebasac, da saTanado formulebsac qmnian.

“misca RmerTman ჴelmwifebaჲ morwmuneTa mefeTa aRSჱnebad saydarTa saebiskoposoTa da qalaqTa soflebiTurT da yovelsa ersa zeda mTavar yvna...xolo sarwmunoni da WeSmaritni monazonni queyanasa zeda ara vissa ჴelmwifebasa queSe arian, vinaჲTgan mohrides saSuebelTa sawuTroჲsaTa nebsiT da aRirCies RmrTisaTჳs mwuxarebaჲ adgilTa glovisaTa”.⁴

“didebulo mefeo, Sen queyanisa ჴelmwife xar, xolo qriste zecisa da queyanisa da quesknelTaჲ...da ufroჲs Sensa jer-ars smenaჲ sityuaTa misTaჲ”.⁵

“ჵ ჴelmwifeo,...pirvelTa wmidaTa maT mamaTa Sekrebasa episkoposTa da winamZRuarTa wesisaTa monazonTa Tana iyvnes pirvelni morwmuneni mefeni. ara Tu maT Tana Sjulis-moZRurebasa ikadrebdes, aramed Sjulis gamoZiebasa maTsa ikiTxian da iTxoian sityჳsa gamocxdebaჲ, rameTu maT mier iswavebdes mcnebaTa RmrTisaTa”.⁶

eklesiis da zogadad sasuliero sferos damoukideblobis dacvas ar hqonda ori miwieri dawesebulebis – eklesiisa da saxelmwifos TviTmiznuri metoqeobis niSani.

amis msgavsi ram mxolod erTxel aRiniSna saqarTvelos sasuliero da saero xelisufalTa urTierTobis istoriaSi. warsulSi mefe vaxtang gorgaslis⁷ aRmzrdeli da cecxlTayvanismcemlobasTan brZoliT ganTqmuli episkoposi miqaeli, romelic didi gavleniT sargeblobda da welTa ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebul pativs iyo miCveuli, ganurisxda mefes, romelmac sakaTolikosos daweseba daapira da konstantinepolidan kaTolikosad sxva piri, momavali kaTolikosi petre da masTan kidev Tormeti episkoposi gamoiTxova. mefesa da ganawyenebul episkoposs Soris momxdari konfliqti lamis imeorebs, ufro sworad, pirvelsaxes uqmnis papi grigol VII da germaneli mefis henrix IV Setakebas da kanosis epizods. mematiane juanSeris aRweriT, miqaelma, romelic “hgonebda, raTa SfoTiTa daacados saqme igi [Seaferxos kaTolikosis mowveva]”, mefes qristesagan gandgoma da cecxlis mosaoba daabrala, “da krul yo [SeaCvena] mefe da yovelni spani misni”. roca mefe Serigebis mizniT mivida episkoposTan da “gardaჴda saჴedarsa, raTamca SeemTxჳa ferჴTa episkoposisaTa”, miqaelma “ganZra... ferჴi, da miamTxჳa pirsa mefisasa fandakiTa [qusliT] da Semusra kbili misi”. mefem meamboxe episkoposi konstantinepolis patriarqis samsjavroze gaagzavna da Tan Tavisi motexili kbili miayola. miqaels episkoposis Rirseba ayares da TviTon mRviZareTa cnobil monasterSi moaTavses.⁸

amis sawinaaRmdegod, merCulis gmirebi aranairad ar cdiloben miwieri xelisuflebis damcirebas, ar apireben, ar ocneboben Teokratiis damyarebaze, magram darwmunebulebi arian sasuliero sferos upiratesobaSi saero xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, da am ukanasknels, miuxedavad samefo wodebisadmi udidesi pativiscemisa, mainc ganixilaven, rogorc erTgvar instruments qristianuli, maradiuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad miwieri, warmavali cxovrebis mowyobisaTvis.

qarTvelebma damoukideblobisa da samefo pirebTan gabeduli moqcevis tradiciebi bizantiaSic ki gadaitanes. roca mcirewlovani keisrebis basilisa da konstantines dedam Sewevna sTxova ukve berad aRkvecil ioane-Tornike aTonels meamboxe varda skliarosis winaaRmdeg, man, Tumca garkveuli gaZalianebis Semdeg, vinaidan samonozvno wesis darRveva uWirda, mainc morCileba gamoucxada xelmwifeebs, magram amave dros “eseviTari raჲ Jami daxuda [xelsayreli momentiT isargebla], Sina-gamoRebiT [Sinaurulad?] mraval-ferTa saqmeTaTჳs amxila . da man yoveli simdabliT Seiwynara... miugo esreT, viTarmed: “me CemTa codvaTaTჳs Sevimose saxe ese, da uwyis ufalman, romel sworad sikudilisa mZime ars ese saqme Cem zeda, garna raჲ vyo, ara vici, wmidasa mefobasa Tquensa urC ver veqmnebi”.⁹

am epizodSi naTlad Cans simfoniis qarTuli saxe: mowiweba saero xelisufalTa mimarT da amave dros maT winaSe saRvTo-saeklesio principebis uSiSari gamocxadeba da dacva.

savaraudoa, rom aseTi SeuboWaobis wyalobiT ama qveynis ZlierTa winaSe, qarTvel moRvaweebs rom axasiaTebda, aTanase aTonelis megobars ioane mTawmidels aTonsa da konstantinepolis samefo darbazs Soris urTierTobaSi aseTi didi wili xvda.

aTanase aTonelis anderZis cnobebis Tanaxmad, iovanem mravaljer gadacura zRva, wardga bevri mefis winaSe da mravali wyaloba gamosTxova aTanases monastrisa da mTeli aTonisaTvis. am anderZis cnobiT, iovanes meSveobiT ewyaloba did lavras oras ormocdaoTxi nomisma,¹⁰ romelsac yovelwliurad kunZul lemnosidan iRebda, da agreTve mTlianad kunZuli neoni. da ara marto maSin, roca Cvens lavraSi imyofebodao, Segveweoda Cven, - mowmobs aTanase, - aramed maSinac ki, roca Cveni lavridan wavida da RvTis wyalobiT Tavisi lavra aRmarTa da aRaSenao.¹¹

ioane aToneli eriskacobaSi TviTon ekuTvnoda qarTul aristokratias da mas saTanadod Rebulobdnen konstantinepolSic. magram iseTive SeuboWvelobas saqarTvelos Tu bizantiis umaRles xelisufalTa winaSe iCens sxva didi aToneli saqarTvelodan – giorgi mTawmideli, romelic aseTive didebuli warmoSobisa ar yofila.

damaxasiaTebelia saubari giorgi mTawmidelisa da keisar konstantine monomaxis¹² Soris iverTa monastris erTi sameurneo saWiroebis gamo.

“xolo aman netarman keTili Rone moipova, rameTu warvida winaSe RmrTis-msaxurisa mefisa kostanti monomaxisa, qalaqad sameufod. da viTarca Sevida winaSe missa, jeroani mokiTxuaჲ miageba bersa mefeman, rameTu didi sarwmunoebaჲ aqunda misa mimarT da esvida wmidaTa locvaTa misTa, da hrqua mas, viTarmed: “raჲsaTჳs moSura [mosvliT Seiwuxa Tavi] siwmide Seni, giorgi, kaco RmrTisao, Cuenisa mimarT ჴelmwifebisa?” hrqua mas berman: “gixaroden qristes mier, ჵ brwyinvaleo TჳTmpyrobelTa Soris, gibrZanebs Cem mier glaxakisa yovlad wmidaჲ igi sasoჲ da Sesavedrebeli RmrTis-msaxurebisa Senisaჲ wmidaჲ RmrTismSobeli, raTa maradis sadidebeli taZari misi ara ganiryunas wyalTagan, romeli Camodis zeda uburaobiTa [saxuravis uqonlobiT] monastersa Cuensa. aw brZanen mefobaman Senman mocemad tyჳvi [tyvia], romlisa mier daiburos wmidaჲ eklesiaჲ, raTa mas Sina elocvebodis wmidasa mefobasa Sensa”.¹³

aseve gabedulad ukve sxva dros da sxva keisars konstantine dukas¹⁴ esaubreba giorgi sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebze da ar ekrZalvis am sakiTxebSi “berZenTa”, anu upirveles yovlisa, bizantiis taxtTan uSualod dakavSirebuli konstantinepolis sapatriarqos meryeobaze miTiTebas, da am saqmeSi saqarTvelosa da romis eklesiaTaTvis upiratesobis miniWebas.¹⁵

aseTive marTali da piruTvnelia giorgi mTawmidelis mopyroba qarTveli mefisa da qarTuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa mimarT. saqarTveloSi misi yofnis dros, “iwyes aRsaarebad da sinanulad TჳT mefeman, kaTalikozman, mRdelTa, diakonTa, monazonTa da moweseTa, didebulTa da mTavarTa, mdidarTa da glaxakTa...da esreT gananaTla yoveli aRmosavleTi [am SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo] kacman aman,..da yovelnive cxadni da dafarulni uwesoebani ganhmarTna. rameTu pirvelad yovlisa aRlesa maჴჳli mxilebisaჲ mefeTa mimarT.., raTa ara hyiddes saebiskoposoTa kacTa mimarT uwesoTa da uswavlelTa...kualad etyoda msjavrTaTჳs da samarTalTa sameufoTa da raTa uSjides obolsa da qurivsa”.¹⁶

eklesiis warmomadgenelTa TviTSegneba saero xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi mudam aseT maRal doneze, aseTi simZafriT da nayofierebiT ar moqmedebda. magram arc arasodes daukargavs damoukidebeli da TviTmyofadi suliskveTeba, arasodes daqveiTebula saxelmwifos mona-morCilis mdgomareobamde. saqarTvelos istoriaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba iseTi dro da misi amsaxveli istoriuli moTxroba, sadac eklesiis mesveurebsa da warmomadgenlebs ase Tu ise, ama Tu im viTarebaSi ar daemowmebinaT saqarTvelos eklesiis TavisTavadoba, “avtokefalia” am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. aseTi mowmobani Cveni eris istoriul yofas TiTqmis uwyvet zolad gasdevs.

basili ezosmoZRvari aRwers, magaliTad, Tamar mefis uSedego mecadineobas, misi azriT, naklebad Rirseuli kaTolikosi cnobili moRvawiT nikiloz gulaberisZiT Seecvala. magram “vera ganayenes, daRacaTu friad iRuawes”. SemdgomSi is “TჳT ganayena sasjelman RmrTisaman”, anu, rogorc safiqrebelia, sikvdilma.¹⁷ Tamar mefisave dros sxva kaTolikosi ioane “angelozTa swori” mwared amxilebda, viTarca “Svidgzis wyeul somexs”, da sarwmunoebriv-saaRmsareblo niadagze sxva Seuracxyofasac ayenebda gamoCenil amirspasalars zaqaria mxargrZels, miuxedavad imisa, rom zaqaria Tavis ZmasTan erTad “didad gandidebulni iyvnes mefisa mier”. igive ioane kaTolikosi iyo marTlmadidebelTa da somexTa Soris marTali sarwmunoebis gamorkvevis iniciatori iseTi wesiT, romelmac zari dasca da ganakvirva “mefeni da eri”. mefe Tamari iyo “Zlierad mbrZoli” am iniciativis winaaRmdeg, magram kaTolikosma mainc Tavisi gaiyvana.¹⁸

amasTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia gavixsenoT, rom somxur eklesiasTan Serigebis mcdeloba, jer kidev Tamaris didi papis daviT aRmaSeneblis mier wamowyebuli, rogorc Cans, aseTive winaaRmdegobas Sexvda. amaze mowmobs Tundac daviTis istorikosis amrezili kilo da sityvebi, romliTac is saeklesio krebaze mowveul somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenlebze laparakobs, da misi kmayofileba imis gamo, rom krebam uSedegod Caiara, da somexTa mxare “pirdayofili” , “upasuxo” da “yovlad usityuel” darCa.¹⁹

Tamar mefis Zisa da memkvidris laSa-giorgis mefobaSi didma feodalebma varam gagelma da ivane aTabagma protesti ganucxades axalgazrda mefes misi aRviraxsnili saqcielis, loTobisa da sxva sibilwis gamoAda ganucxades, “ara Tavs videbTo, etyodes, Sensa mefed yofasa, ukeTu ara ganeyeno [Tavi daanebo] ...avsa wessa”. marTalia ivane aTabagi da varam gageli eklesiis msaxurni ar yofilan, magram mainc farTo gagebiT eklesiis saxeliT gamodiodnen, viTarca morwmune eris warmomadgenlebi da im eTikuri normebis damcvelni, romlebsac eklesia qadagebda.²⁰

kidev erTi aseTi demarSi gzaabneuli axalgazrda mefis winaSe sxvisi colis warTmevis gamo ukve eklesiis mesveurTa pirdapiri moTaveobiT moewyo. “amisTჳs Sekrbes kaTalikosni, episkoposni da vazirni da moaჴsenebdes: “ara jer ars, raTa mჴevali gesuas da ara coli”... amisTჳs warguares qali igi...da qmarsave missa misces”.²¹

momdevno periodSi amave suliskveTebis brwyinvale matarebeli kaTolikosi nikoloz II gaxldaT, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli 1240 – 1280 wlebSi iyo. is zogadad Cveni eklesiis istoriaSi erT-erT udides pirovnebad, erTdroulad saeklesio, politikur da sulier moRvawed warmogvidgeba.

JamTaaRmwereli aseT daxasiaTebas aZlevs mas:

“kaTalikosi nikoloz, kaci mxilveli suliTa, angelozTa mobaZavi, da mravalTa moRuawebaTa Sina sakჳrveli, marTlmadidebeli, Zlieri da Tual-uxuavad mamxilebeli mefeTa da mTavarTa, rameTu iyo umankoca, da aravis Tualni auxunis”.²²

umefobis xanaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosevisa da mefe rusudanis gardacvalebis Semdeg dadga, roca “queyana samefo, saydarni da mcxeTa da misi mimdgomi queyana aravisgan icvebodes, rameTu warCinebulni amis samefosani Tჳsisa queyanisaTჳs zrunvides”, kaTolikosma Tavis Tavze aiRo axal viTarebaSi eklesiis saqmeTa mowyoba. rogorc damoukidebeli samflobelos mTavari igi eaxla monRolTa yaens da misgan eklesiis xelSeuxeblobis piroba da saTanado mowmoba (“ierlayi”) miiRo. “da daicvna yovelni saydarni da monasterni”.²³ amasTan qarTvel mRvdelmTavars didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia yaenze.

“ixila ra yaenman, gankჳrda wessa da xilvasa Sesaxedavsa missa...da viTar pativ-sca, dauweres ierlayi,.. Seuqmnes da mosces Sanad [saCuqrad] juarni oqrosani, da Seumkuna TvaliTa da margalitiTa, da uboZa erTi TჳT kaTalikossa da erTi moZRuarsa varZiisasa, romeli Tana hyva kaTalikossa. da arganica [kverTxi] igi oqroTa Semkuli moaniWa kaTalikossa oden, juariani igica, da esreT pativiTa warmoavlines”.²⁴

dimitri Tavdadebulis mefobaSi, kaTolikosi nikoloz II “didad amxilebda” mraval uwesoebas, romelmac maSindel qarTul sazogadoebaSi, gansakuTrebiT, mis umaRles fenebSi, moikida fexi – mravalcolianobas, rasac pirveli magaliTi TviTon mefem da misma Zlierma medrovem sadun mankaberdelma misces, colebis gacvla-gamocvlas, saeklesio qonebisa da miwebis mitacebas. “amisTჳs ganwyra kaTalikosi nikoloz, - wers JamTaaRmwereli, - kaci moxucebuli da marTlmkueTeli, garna mZlavrebisagan sadunisa ver uZlo ganyenebad, aramed friad SeaCuenebda”.²⁵ bolos protestis niSnad mxcovanma saWeTmpyrobelma “dauteva kaTalikosoba... da TჳT warvida mamulad Tჳsad, da mun iyofoda mravliTa moRuawebiTa, marxviTa, mRჳZarebiTa da glaxakT mowyalebiTa, da savse saTnoebaTa tჳrTiTa uflisa mimarT miicvala”.²⁶

sayuradRebao, rom am SemTxvevaSic, didma moZRvarma Tavis nebaze ki ar miuSva memkvidris arCevani, rasac marTlmadideblur monarqiebSi Cveulebriv mefe axorcielebda, aramed suverenuli mmarTvelis wesze “ჴeliTa TჳsiTa akurTxa juarismtჳrTveli mefisa abraham kaTalikosad”.²⁷

wminda RvawlismZle mefe dimitri Tavdadebulis xana zogadad mdidari iyo kaTolikos nikolozis msgavsi mamxileblebiT. SesaZloa, amas Tavad momavali wminda mowamis mefe dimitris winaaRmdegobrivi pirovneba uwyobda xels da provocirebda. erTis mxriv dimitri mefe warmogvidgeba mraval saTnoebaTa Sekrebad. “mefe dimitri, - axasiaTebs mas JamTaaRmwereli, - keTilad mmarTebeli, skiptraTa samefoTa Semkobili, da mowyalebisa da mosamarTleobisa, monazonTa da eklesiaTa, yovelTa wesTa saRmrToTa da kacobrivTa keTilad zedamiwevniT mmarTebeli”.²⁸

“rameTu iyo ese dimitri, - umatebs sxvagan igive istorikosi, -...uxჳ, mowyale da mdabali, glaxakTa, qurivTa da davrdomilTa mowyale, romel ara smenil ars naTesavi mefeTa gina sxuaTa, rameTu aqunda Cueuleba, aRiRis safase da aRdgis Rame, da movlis qalaqi, da moixilnis glaxakni da davrdomilni da obolni, da TჳsiTa ჴeliTa miscemdis, da yovelTa uwyodian mowyaleba mefisa, da amisTჳs glaxakni RamiT folocTa [quCaTa] Sina vidodian, raTa SeemTxჳvnes mefesa. amas Tana moego marxuloba, RamiT locva da muჴlT-yra friadi, rameTu aTas xuTasi muჴli moagdis mdablad miwasa zeda. esreT yovliTurT ganSuenebuli da ganaTlebuli iyo”.²⁹

meore mxriv, monRoluri warmarTuli Cveulebis gavleniT man qristianTa Soris iseTi yovlad miuRebeli da manamde gaugonari wesi dauSva, rogoricaa mravalcolianoba, da boroti magaliTi misca sakuTar ers, radgan, yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTma misma daaxlovebulma pirma sadun mankaberdelma igive Caidina.

amasTan mefe dimitri, Tumca Tavis araswor saqciels ar cvlida marTal mxilebaTa gavleniT, magram amave dros “iyo wmidaTa kacTa pativismcemeli” da mamxilebelTa winaaRmdeg araviTar represiul zomebs ar mimarTavda. Tumca es ukanaskneli garemoeba ara mxolod am mefis pirad Tvinierebas, aramed mravalsaukunovan tradiciasac unda mivaweroT.

sabolood aRniSnuli winaaRmdegoba keTilsa da uaryofiTs Soris Tavis bunebasa da saqcielSi mefe dimitrim erisaTvis TavdadebiT da mowameobrivi sikvdiliT moxsna.³⁰

“amaTve JamTa”, anu amave dimitri Tavdadebulis mefobaSi cxovrobda da “brwyinvida” ori didi moRvawe – pimen salosi, lekTa ganmanaTlebeli, da antoni naoxrebelis-Ze³¹. ioane batoniSvili Tavis “kalmasobaSi” erTsac da meoresac, viTarca “mefeTa mamxileblad”, warmogvidgens. “mama pimen salosi... iyo friad mamxilebel usamarTloebasa da uwesoebaTa zeda mefeTa da mTavarTasa ara sityviT, aramed werilebiTca”.³² xolo “mama antoni ...iyo friad siwmindis moyvare,.. pimenisaebr mefeTa mamxilebeli, romelsa aqvnda didi pativiscema mefeTa da mTavarTagan, da erCden moZRvrebasa amisas”.³³

momavali wmindani dimitri mefe kidev erTi demonstraciuli mxilebis mizezi Seiqna. “maT JamTa moiwia mTawmidiT basili monazoni, - gvatyobinebs JamTaaRmwereli, - biZa evfemios kaTalikosisa, saRmrToTa wesiTa aRsavse da winaswarcnobisa madliTa ganbrwyinvebuli; moiwia winaSe dimitri mefisa, gamocxadebiTa yovlad-wmidisa RvTismSobelisaTa, da viTarca mociquli Zlierad amxilebda da winaaRudgeboda mefesa uwesosa misTჳs qorwinebisa, da aswavebda siwmidesa”. xolo mkacr mxilebas bolos mrisxane muqara daurTo: “ukeTu ara ganeyeno [Tu Tavs ar daanebeb] uwesoTa qorwil-SeyofaTa, da Seuracx-yven sityuani Cemni, borotad da upatiod moikla mZlavrTa mier, da oჴer iqmne samefosagan Senisa, da Svilni Senni mimodaibninen, da sxuaman daipyras mefoba Seni”. rac aRsrulda kidevac Tavis droze. “xolo mefeman gankჳrvebulman ara miugo sityua, rameTu iyo wmidaTa kacTa pativismcemeli”.³⁴

dabolos im mefeTa mamxileblebis rigi, romelic JamTaaRmwerelma warmogvidgina, TviT am gamoCenili saistorio mwerliT SegviZlia davasruloT. vinaidan sakuTari principis Tanaxmad: “garna vinaTgan wigni ese Suamdebare ars keTilis-moqmedTa da borotis-moqmedTa, Sendobil iyvnen sityuani Cemni, rameTu JamTaaRmwereloba WeSmaritis metyueleba ars, da ara Tual-axma visTჳsme”³⁵, man Tavis naSromSi zogan metad kritikulad danaxuli saqarTvelos mefeTa da sazogadoebis umaRles warmomadgenelTa mTeli galerea Seqmna. da miuxedavad imisa, mosaxleobis Tu romel wodebas an jgufs ekuTvnoda es didi mwerali, Tavisi moraluri poziciiT da mkacri SexedulebiT eklesiis iseTive Svilad moCans, rogorc giorgi merCulis gmirebi anda nikoloz kaTolikosi da basili mTawmideli.

XVII saukuneSi saqarTvelos muslimani mefis rostomis dros, saero da saeklesio xelisuflebis dapirispirebas emsxverpla evdemoz kaTolikosi.³⁶

saqarTvelos eklesiis TviTmyofadi da damoukidebeli suliskveTebis erT-erTi naTeli gamovlineba iyo ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTebis dros gauqmebuli avtokefaliisa da kaTolikosobis aRdgenisaTvis brZola XIX saukunis miwurulSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. am brZolas savsebiT Ria, legaluri xasiaTi hqonda, vinaidan avtokefalistebi ar exebodnen ruseTis imperiis politikur-saxelmwifoebriv weswyobilebas da mxolod saqarTvelos eklesiis uZvelesi droidan arsebuli damoukidebeli statusisaTvis iRvwoden. am moZraobaSi monawile sasuliero, sazogado da samecniero moRvaweebi, maT Soris, momavali patriarqebi mRvdelmowame kirioni, leonide, ambrosi aRmsaarebeli SegviZlia CavTvaloT im droisaTvis sruliad daviwyebuli da ucnobi grigol xanZTelisa da mis mowafeTa, maT Soris, didi saeklesio mwerlis giorgi merCulis, sulikveTebisa da ideebis memkvidred. simboluria, rom swored erT-erTma yvelaze gamoCenilma avtokefalistma didma mecnierma niko marma daZebna, Seiswavla da gamosca rusuli TargmaniT grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, da aRmoaCina am uZveles da TiTqosda yovelgvar aqtualobas moklebul nawarmoebSi brwyinvale da saWirboroto mowmoba da dadastureba ara marto qarTuli avtokefaliisa, aramed agreTve amis Tanmxlebi, qarTuli qristianobis warmomadgenelTa damoukidebeli sulis Rrma istoriuli fesvebisa da mdgradobisa, saukuneTa manZilze maTi ucvleli rwmenisa zeciuri sasufevelis upiratesobaSi miwieri samefos winaSe.

niSneulad gamoiyureba faqti, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena adgilobriv krebaze mcxeTaSi 1917 wlis Zveli stilis 12 marts iyo gamocxadebuli, e.i. sul aTeuli dRis dagvianebiT ruseTis monarqiis dacemis Semdeg. xolo qarTvelma politikosebma saqarTvelos saxelmwifo damoukideblobis gamocxadeba mxolod 1918 wlis 26 maiss gabedes, anu weliwadze meti mogvianebiT adgilobrivi krebis Semdeg. imitom xom ara, rom qarTveli saeklesio moRvaweebi Tavisuflebisa da damoukidebeli statusisaTvis ukeT iyvnen momzadebulni, vidre qarTveli politikosebi?

1917 wlis revoluciis da ruseTis imperiis darRvevis Semdeg aRdgenili saqarTvelos avtokefaluri eklesiis mesveurebs male axal RvTismbrZol komunistur xelisuflebasTan mouwia Setakeba. es uTanasworo brZola Tumca eklesiis xangrZlivi neitralizaciiTa da sazogadoebidan TiTqmis sruli gandevniT dasrulda, magram aqac Seupovrobisa da Seudrekelobis Zvelma tradiciebma iCines Tavi. am brZolis TvalsaCino momentebi iyo kaTolikos-patriarqis ambrosis 1922 wlis 7 Tebervlis werili-memorandumi genuis konferenciisadmi mowodebiT daixsnan saqarTvelo bolSevikuri monobisagan, kaTolikosisa da misi TanamSroblebis dapatimreba da sasamarTlo, sadac eklesiis warmomadgenlebs, maT Soris, momaval patriarqs, maSin ki dekanoz kalistrate cincaZes, Rirseulad eWira Tavi, xolo patriarqma ambrosim aseTi sityvebi warmosTqva: “Cemi suli RmerTs ekuTvnis, guli – saqarTvelos, xolo leSs – rac gsurT, is uyaviTo”.³⁷

aTeisturi sabWoTa xelisufleba jer kidev srul ZalaSi iyo, roca saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebelma suliskveTebam kvlav iCina Tavi. beTaniis monastris naxevrad legaluri arseboba, arqimandrit gabriel urgebaZis salosoba, romelmac leninis moedanze leninis portreti dawva da sasikdvilo ganaCenisagan mxolod giJad gamocxadebam gadaarCina – es iyo am sulikveTebis gamovlinebani iseTi zewolis pirobebSi, romlis msgavsi ar ganucdia iseT mravalWirnaxul eklesiasac ki, rogoricaa saqarTvelos eklesia. magram es mxolod calkueli epizodebi iyo.

Tavisi Cveuli, saukuneTa manZilze damsaxurebuli adgili saqarTvelos eklesiam patriarq ilias II dros daibruna, romelic 1977 wlis 25 dekembers misi aRsaydrebis Semdeg daiwyo da sabednierod aqamde grZeldeba. sabWouri xelisuflebis damxobidan gasuli sul ori aTeuli wlis manZilidanac gaugebari da daujerebeli moCans Rrma sulieri monoba da daZabuneba, romelic im droebas axasiaTebda. amitom exla Znelad Sesafasebelia is WeSmariti saswauli, rasac axali patriarqis moRvaweoba da TviT misi pirovneba warmoadgenda. iseTi weswyobilebis pirobebSi, romelic Tavisi sabrZanebelis farglebSi araviTar misgan damoukidebel movlenas ar iTmenda, uwmindesma iliam mizidulobis swored aseTi damoukidebeli centri Seqmna, romelic TandaTan afarTovebda Tavis gavlenis sferos. ra mizeziT iTmenda maSindeli xelisufleba yovelive amas – inteligenciasTan, eqimebTan, SemoqmedebTan patriarqis Sexvedrebs, xalxis momravlebas sapatriarqo sionis taZarSi, axal sasuliero gamocemebs, bibliis axali qarTuli Targmanis wamowyebas da patriarq ilias mraval sxva nabijs da moqmedebas, - ranairic unda iyos amaze pasuxi, mainc yovelive es saswaulad rCeba, saswaulad, romelSic ori sawyisi gamoiyofa – patriarq ilias araCveulebrivi pirovneba da saqarTvelos eklesiis uZvelesi droidan momavali da saukuneTa msvlelobaSi SenarCunebuli damoukidebeli suliskveTeba.

uwmindesi ilia II kaTolikos-patriarqobis ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifom, sazogadoebam da eklesiam saqarTveloSi mravali gansacdeli, bedis waRma da ukuRma triali gadaitanes, da Tumca saqarTvelos eklesia nebsiTac da unebliedac iziarebda erisa da saxelmwifos beds, magram arasodes daukargavs Tavisi meoba, gansxvavebuli xma da ena, Tavisi saxe, Tavisi idumali mizani, romelic miwier miznebs aRemateba. da es TavisTavadoba, rogorc adre, exlac garkveul pirovnebebSi hpovebda gansaxierebas. upirveles yovlisa esaa saWeTmpyrobelis pirovneba da saqcieli, ganumeorebeli da Rrmad tradiciuli erTdroulad. roca 2008 wlis agvistos omis dros uwmindesma iliam ruseTis pirvelkacebisagan Tavisi piradi iniciativiTa da gzebiT gamoiTxova okupirebul gorSi sursaTis Setanis, moklulTa dasaflavebisa da iqidan daWrilebis gamoyvanis nebarTva, amaSi Taviseburad airekla ZvelisZveli ambavi - patriarq nikoloz II urdoSi gamgzavreba da eklesiisaTvis xelSeuxeblobis pirobis miReba.

dekanozi ioseb zeTeiSvili
2010.04.29