“xelisuflebis centralizaciisaTvis gatarebul RonisZiebaTa Soris erT-erTi umTavresTagani iyo mstovarTa institutis Seqmna, romelic daviTma feodaluri opozociis damTrgunav Zlier iaraRad aqcia. is iyo ostaturad awyobili sameTvalyureo aparati, romlis saSualebiTac mefem yvelaferi icoda, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo laSqarSi, monasterSi Tu did feodalTa saxlebSi...es sameTvalyureo aparati Sinagan saqmeTa uwyebaSi Sedioda, romelsac saTaveSi mandaturTuxucesi edga”¹.

ase aRwers Tanamedrove avtori wminda mefis daviT aRmaSeneblis mravalferovani moRvaweobis erT mxares.

es avtori arc erTaderTia da arc pirveli, vinc aseT mniSvnelobas da aseT farTo, yovlismomcvel xasiaTs aniWebs sameTvalyureo-sadazvervo moRvaweobas daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis xanaSi. daviT mefis istorikosis ori calkeuli cnoba, erTis mxriv, zogadad mstovrebis amqveynad arsebobis, xolo meore mxriv, daviTis unaris Sesaxeb icodes yvelaferi, rac mis samefos SigniT xdeba, pirvelad, rogorc Cans, cnobilma istorikosma m. lorTqifaniZem SeauRla da erTian movlenad warmoadgina. yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi gancxadeba droiT pirvelia imave gvaris dabeWdil gamoTqmaTa Soris, romelsac Cven SevxvedrilvarT.

“saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis mowesrigebisa da xelisuflebis centralizaciis TvalsazrisiT daviT IV-is mier gatarebul RonisZiebaTa Soris, - wers m. lorTqifaniZe, - mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia e.w. mstovarTa institutis Seqmnas. istorikosi mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor iyo mefe yovelive imis kursSi, rac mis samefoSi xdeboda. istorikoss euxerxuleba imis aRniSvna, rom mefes meTvalyureni hyavda yvelgan miCenilni da mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnavs daviTis mier yovelive imis codnas, rac mis saxelmwifoSi xdeboda, mimarTavs mkiTxvels, “nu amas eZieb, mkiTxvelo, Tu viTar iqmneboda ese, aramed amas scnobdi, Tu ra sargebeli povis amaT mier”².

am ori avtoris Soris mxolod is gansxvavebaa, rom, rac maisuraZes aRafrTovanebs, m. lorTqifaniZes, etyoba, mainc sakdemod da saZraxisad eCveneba, miuxedavad im “sargebelis povisa”, anu, Tanamedrove terminebiT, “saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis mowesrigebisa da xelisuflebis centralizaciisa”, raSic xsenebul “mstovrebis instituts” Turme “mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia”. am sakiTxSi morcxvobas Tanamedrove mkvlevari Zvel mematianesac amCnevs, ris gamoc am ukanasknels “euxerxuleba imis aRniSvna, rom mefes meTvalyureni hyavda yvelgan miCenilni”, da is marjved gverds uvlis im dasamalav garemoebas, Tu ra gziT iRebda mefe saWiro cnobebs, da mkiTxvelis yuradReba am cnobebis sargeblianad gamoyenebaze gadaaqvs.

magram ramdenad Seesabameba Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis mier ase dabejiTebiT warmodgenili mkafio da naTeli suraTi im realobas, romelic aRwerilia mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis mier? “sameTvalyureo aparati rom daviTis Seqmnilia, es TiTqos udavod Cans misi istorikosis Cvenebidan”, - amtkicebs mkvlevari. kargi iqneboda daezustebina, istorikosis romeli Cveneba “TiTqos udavod” naTelyofs daviTis mier aseTi “institutis” Seqmnas.

“es sameTvalyureo aparati Sinagan saqmeTa uwyebaSi Sedioda, romelsac saTaveSi mandaturTuxucesi edga”.

amdagvari bejiTi mtkicebani iseT STabeWdilebas qmnian, rom daviTis biografis nawarmoebSi ueWvelad warmodgenili unda iyos maTi damadasturebeli sakmarisi cnobebi mstovrebis mravalricxovani razmis, maTi gamaerTianebeli da gamgebeli specialuri uwyebis, anu “institutis”, arsebobis, da am, ase vTqvaT, sammarTvelos Tavis mxriv ufro maRali donis – Sinagan saqmeTa uwyebis, ase vTqvaT, saministrosadmi daqvemdebarebis Sesaxeb.

magram daviTis cxorebis uSualod gacnobis dros dainteresebul pirs didi gakvirveba elis. aq is araviTari aseTi, mravalricxovan mstovarTa gamaerTianebeli da maTi moRvaweobis warmmarTveli “institutis”, “uwyebis”, erTi sityviT, “organos” kvalsac ki ver aRmoaCens. kidev ufro meti, es ybadaRebuli mstovrebi, romlebmac ukve mtkiced moikides fexi daviTis drois mecnierul Tu paramecnierul aRwerebSi, mxolod erTxel arian dasaxelebuli daviTis istorikosis mier. Tanac es Turme daviTis mier migzavnil da miCenil mstovrebze ki ar gvatyobinebs Zveli istorikosi, aramed saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze moTareSe Turqmanebis mstovrebze, romlebic uTvalTvalebdnen daviTs, raTa is moulodnelad, “ugrZneulad” Tavs ar dasxmoda maT.

“xolo aqvndis Cveulebad ese mefesa, rameTu ganzraxviT gardavidis afxazeTiT da Camoityuvnnis Turqmanni sazamTroTa adgilTa mtkvris pirisaTa. rameTu maTnica mstovarni zeda adgian mefesa da eZebdian gzaTa misTa”³.

am sityvis (“mstovrebi”) fuZe kidev erTxel aris warmodgenili daviTis biografiaSi, exla ukve, rogorc zmnis nawili.

“qronikoni iyo samas ocda TxuTmeti. romlisaTvisca didad wyena Seeqmna TurqTa da ridoba sazamTroTa adgilTa dgomisa. ramuTu moimstvarnis mefeman, romelTa mosrva egebodis, da ugrZneulad daesxis da moswyvidnis. da ese ara erTgzis anu orgzis, gina sam, aramed mravalgzis”⁴.

gamoTqma “maTnica mstovarni” survilisamebr SegviZlia miviRoT rogorc miTiTeba, rom “maT”, TurqmanTa mstovrebis garda, sxva, saxeldobr, daviTis mstovarnic arsebobdnen, magram aseTi axsna gramatikulad araa aucilebeli. Tumca isedac gasagebia, rom saomo pirobebSi “mstovrebis” da “momstvarebis” gareSe moqmedeba iseTi gamocdili mxedarTmTavris mxridan, rogoric mefe daviTi iyo, sakvirveli da gaugebari iqneboda.

magram, rogorc vxedavT, daviTis istorikosi mxolod samxedro “momstovrebaze” da samxedro “mstovrebze” laparakobs orive – Turqmanebis da daviTis mxridan. araviTar samoqalaqo mstovrebze, araviTar saidumlo policiaze mas aranairi miTiTeba ara aqvs. es samxedro mstovrebic da momstovrebac ki, rogorc isini istorikosis mier arian moxsenebulni, ufro saWiroebisamebr gamoyenebadi saSualebis da ara raRac mudmivi, mravalricxovani da ganStoebuli dawesebulebis – “institutis”, “uwyebis” da misTanaTa saxiT warmogvidgebian.

es samxedro mstovrebic ki rom, rogorc es zogierT mecniers warmoudgenia, ar iyvnen mofenilni “pirsa yovlisa qveyanisasa, viTarca mkalni” (daviTis istorikosis gamoTqma Turqmanebis mimarT), da rom saqarTvelo sulac ar iyo sruli da mudmivi kontrolis qveS, metyveleben cxorebis epizodebi, sadac daviTi mtrebis moulodneli Tavdasxmis winaSe aRmoCenila da sadac is da misi jari mstovrebma ki ara, sakuTarma simxnem da simarjvem ixsna safrTxisagan.

“...qronikoni iyo samas ocdaaTi. mas welsa movida Zali sultanisa da yoveli Turqoba, kaci viTar asi aTasi, ugrZneulad simarjviTa... cna ra mimwuxri moslva maTi TrialeTs...Rame yovel warvida...kaciTa aTas xuTasiTa, rameTu eseodenni daxvdes SinaSe...da iqmna brZola ficxeli...da SewevniTa RmrTisaTa iZlia banaki maTi (e.i. TurqTa)”⁵.

ese igi asiaTaskaciani jari “ugrZneulad”, farulad miuaxlovda daviTs da man es mxolod maSin Seityo, roca mteri erTi Ramis savalis manZilze aRmoCnda. sad iyo am dros is “ostaturad awyobili sameTvalyureo aparati, romlis saSualebiTac mefem yvelaferi icoda?”

igive SegviZlia vTqvaT saxelmwifos Sinagan cxovrebaze, romelzedac, xsenebuli mklevrebis azriT, upirveles yovlisa iyo mimarTuli maT mier aRmoCenili “mstovarTa institutis” yuradReba.

ixsenebs ra yvela im safrTxes, romelic cxovrebis manZilze damuqrebia mis gmirs, daviTis istorikosi, sxvaTa Soris, amasac aRniSnavs: “raoden-gzis yivCayTa TvisTa (e.i. daviTis da saqarTvelos samsaxurSi myofTa yivCayebma) ganizraxes Ralati, da ganaCinnes kacni mxneni, romelnime xrmliTa, romelnime SubiTa, sxvani isriTa; da ese ara erT da or, gina sam, aramed mravalgzis. da araodes miuSva RmerTman kverTxi codvilTa marTalsa mas zeda, arca odes misca igi xelTa meZiebelTa misTasa”⁶.

arc aqa Canan viTom mravalricxovani mstovrebi da maTi gamaerTianebeli uwyeba. iqneb, istorikosi isev morcxvobs da malavs maT? magram mTeli konteqsti, mefe daviTis SemTxveviTi gadarCenebis rigi, romelSic moTavsebulia es cnoba, imaze metyvelebs, rom aqac mstovrebma an sxva raime miwierma Zalam ki ar ixsna daviTi mravaljer TvisTa yivCayTagan, aramed SemTxveviTobiT SeniRbulma RvTaebam. “garna yovelsa Sina xeli igi zegardamo farvida mdevarTa misTagan”.

daviT mefis istorikosi ase aRwers Tavisi gmiris sakvirveli yovlismcodneobis fenomens: “ara-ra Sorieli arca samefoTa Sina misTa, arca laSqarTa Sina misTa myofTa kacTa, didTa da mcireTa, saqme qmnili keTili gina sityva boroti Tqmuli, - ara-ra daefarvoda yovladve, aramed raodenca vis farulad eqmnis anu eTqvis, yovelive cxad iyo winaSe missa, vidremdis gulis-sityuanica da mogonebani vieTnime miuTxrnis maT, romelTa zarganxdil yvnis. da monazonTa ganSorebulTa senakTa Sina maTTa qmnilni Rvawlni da saTnoebani uwyodnis cxadad, da siSore gzisa vidre eklesiamde zomiT icodis... orgulebasa, da zakvasa, da Ralatsa rasame vervin didTa anu mcireTagani ikadrebda mogonebadca, ara Tu Tqmad visda, arca Tu meuRlesa da cxedreulsa TvisTa Tana, anu moyvassa Tvissa, gina yrmaTa TvisTa Tana, vinaTgan ese mtkiced uwyoda yovelman kacman, romel piriT aRmoslvasave Tana sityvisasa qmnil ars ueWvelad winaSe mefisa”⁷.

Tuki warmovidgenT, rom yovelive amas mefe mstovrebis saSualebiT igebda, Tvalwin sazareli suraTi warmogvidgeba: aTasobiT da aTiaTasobiT mzveravebi da meTvalyureni, romlebic nabij-nabij dasdeven imdroindeli saqarTvelos TiToeul mkvidrs, monozonTa senakebsa da eriskacTa sawol oTaxebSi imalebian, raTa Seatyobinon mefes ramdeni metania Seasrula ama Tu im berma an meuRlem meuRles ra uTxra. da amasTan gagonils raRac ucnobi saSualebiT im wamsve mefes gadascemen. imitom rom istorikosi gasagebad wers, rom mefes “ara-ra daefarvoda yovladve”, da “piriT aRmoslvasave Tana sityvisasa” is cnobili xdeboda mefisaTvis. Tanac cnobili xdeboda ara marto Tqmuli da qmnili, aramed “gulis-sityuanica (e.i. fiqrebi) da mogonebani”, riTac mefe Zalian akvirvebda (“zarganxdil yvnis”) zogierTebs (“vieTnime”), roca uyveboda (“miuTxrnis maT”) maTsave gulis nadebs. amas ki rogorRa gebulobdnen Tundac uaRresad gawafuli da daxelovnebuli mstovrebi?

magram es sazareli da daujerebeli suraTi sul sxvanairad warmogvidgeba, Tu, rasac xsenebuli mkvlevarebi gaurbian, Tavad daviTis istorikoss davekiTxebiT, Tu ara mstovrebis meSveobiT, maS visgan igebda mefe cnobebs yvelafris Sesaxeb, rac iqmneba, iTqmeva da ifiqreba misi samefos farglebSi. istorikosi, imis da sawinaaRmdegod, rasac mis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove gamokvlevebSi vkiTxulobT, sulac ar malavs amas da sityvas banze ar agdebs, da arc sauxerxulo sWirs rame arc mas da arc mis gmirs.

“xolo aqvnda amas yovlad brZensa mefesa, - gvatyobinebs istorikosi, - saqmed eseca, romelTa umetes yovelTa saSiSad sazarel iyo yovelTa, rameTu RmrTisa mier iyo mis zeda niWi ese da saqme yovlad sakvirveli”⁸. swored am saswaulebrivi sacnobao arxis, da ara viTom dasamalavi “mstovarTa institutis” gamo, mogvmarTavs is Cven: “nu amas eZieb, mkiTxvelo, Tu viTar iqmneboda ese”. imitom rom rasakvirvelia verc mas, verc sxva romelime miwier arsebas xelewifeba am saswaulebrivi Setyobinebis sistemis gageba.

suraTi, biografis mier warmodgenili, da misi interpretacia “mstovarTa institutis” gamomgonebelTa mier erTmanTTan iseT mimarTebaSi imyofebian, rom interpretacia pirveli SexedviT realisturad da gasagebad gamoiyureba, xolo Tu daukvirdebi, fantastikuri da daujerebeli aRmoCndeba. piriqiT, istorikosis cnoba mxolod pirveli SexedviT moCans fantastikurad da daujereblad. “SeuZlebeli kacTagan, SesaZlebel ars RmrTisa mier”⁹. kacobriobas Tavisi arsebobis manZilze bevri cnoba aqvs dagrovebuli araCveulebrivi zebunebrivi fizikuri Tu sulieri unaris gamo, romliTac adamianTa modgmis calkeuli warmomadgenlebi iyvnen dajildoebuli. bibliuri samfsonis xorcieli Zala, homerosis mexsierebis tevadoba, moses, esaiasa da danielis saukunovan siSoreze winaxedva da kidev uamravi sxva, metad Tu naklebad gaxmaurebuli movlenebi, gvaiZuleben Cven an vcnoT maTi araCveulebrivi xasiaTi, an uarvhyoT maTi arseboba, anda sxva da sxva, viTom gonier, “realur” axsnas amovefaroT. daviT aRmaSeneblis unaric aseT movlenebs ganekuTneba. Cven SegviZlia aRviaroT is, rogorc namdvilad arsebuli RvTaebrivi, an, visac RvTaeba ara swams, paranormaluri niWi, anda Tu arc amis Sewynareba gvsurs, zRaprad gamovacxadod igi, anda rame sxva “realuri” axsna movZebnoT – “mstovrebis institutis” an sxva raimes saxiT. magram bolo SemTxvevaSi tyuilad movixmobT mowmed did saistorio mwerals - daviT aRmaSeneblis mematianes. araviTari “mstovrebis institutis” an sxva amdagvaris niSanic ki araa mis nawarmoebSi.

daviTis istorikosis mowmobiT, gulTmecnieri mefe sazogadoebis konsolidaciisaTvis, mabraloblebisa da opozocionerebis neitralizaciisaTvis sakmaod gavrecelebul sigiJes - jaSuSebisa da damasmenlebis momravlebas ki ar mimarTavda, aramed sul sxva, uebar iaraRs.

“xolo arian vinme mabralobelni mefisani jereTca eseoden mWirsed moqalaqobisa da molaSqreobisaTvis da mxedrobaTa misTa ganusvenebelisa mimoslvisaTvis da daWirebisa...xolo vTqva meoreca mizezi amisve pirisa. vinaTgan naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul buneba ars pirveliTganve TvisTa ufalTa, rameTu raJams gandidnen, gansuqnen da dideba poon da gansveneba, iwyeben ganzraxvad borotisa, viTarca mogviTxrobs Zveli matiane qarTlisa da saqmeni aw xilulni. da ese man ubrZnesman yovelTa kacTaman keTilad sadme uwyoda. amisTvisca araodes moacala amisad ganzraxvad, anu gansvenebad, anu Sekrebad da qmnad rasame eseviTarsa”¹⁰.

ese igi SesaZlo orgulobasa da Ralats daviT mefe Spion-SemasmenelTa da intriganTa meSveobiT ki ar ebrZoda, aramed eris gamudmebuli dasaqmebiT da misi Zalebis uaRresi daZabviT. amiT man ara marto aicila Tavidan SesaZlo safrTxeebi, “aramed saqmeTa, romelTa iwyo qmnad, gaasrulnaca maRlad da Svenierad”¹¹.

“ostaturad awyobili sameTvalyureo aparati” ki ara, aramed eris Zalebis gaRviZebis da gaerTianebis unari didi erovnuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad – esaa daviT aRmaSeneblis unikaluri miRwevebis saidumlo, romelTa mixedviTac es mefe msoflio istoriis yvelaze warmatebul saxelmwifo moRvaweTa Soris unda movaTavsoT. esaa didi mefis dRemde da gansakuTrebiT dRes aqtualuri anderZnamagi.

dekanozi ioseb zeTeiSvili

25.XI.2006